Norway: Facts & Stats

ECONOMY

Industry:

Manufacturing, mining, and crude petroleum and gas production accounted for nearly 31% of the GDP in 2000. The most important export industries are oil and gas extraction, metalworking, pulp and paper, chemical products, and processed fish.

Products traditionally classified as home market industries (electrical and nonelectrical machinery, casting and foundry products, textiles, paints, varnishes, rubber goods, and furniture) also make an important contribution.

Electrochemical and electrometallurgical products aluminum, ferroalloys, steel, nickel, copper, magnesium, and fertilizers are based mainly on Norway's low-cost electric power. Without any bauxite reserves of its own, Norway has thus been able to become a leading producer of aluminum. Industrial output is being increasingly diversified.

About half of Norway's industries are situated in the Oslofjord area. Other industrial centers are located around major cities along the coast as far north as Trondheim. Norway had two oil refineries, with a capacity of 310,000 barrels per day in 2002.

In the early 2000s, despite an improvement in world oil prices, investment in offshore oil and natural gas remained in decline, in part due to the completion of major projects, such as the Aasgard field. Crude oil and natural gas accounted for 58% of merchandise exports in 2000, and petroleum production rose to 22.7% of GDP in 2000, compared with 14.2% in 1999.

Agriculture:

Agriculture in Norway accounts for about 2 percent of annual GDP, and only 3 percent of the land is cultivated which seems natural, given the cold climate, thin soils, and mountainous terrain. Grains are grown only in the south while western Norway has some livestock raising and dairy farming.

The leading crops in 1998 were cereals particularly barley, wheat, and oats (total output of 1.3 million metric tons) and potatoes (400,320 tons). In 1998, there were 2.5 million sheep, 998,400 cattle, and 768,400 hogs in the country. Norway is still a major fishing nation and is self-sufficient in many agricultural products, but fruits, vegetables, and most grains are all imported. Agriculture and fishing remain heavily protected by the Norwegian government.

Science and technology:

A highly advanced industrialized nation, Norway invested 1.6% of its GNP on basic scientific research and technological development in 1987–97. In 1998, high-tech exports were valued at $1.9 billion and accounted for 16% of manufactured exports. Public funds account for about 60% of research expenditures, either as direct grants from the central government or as proceeds from the State Football Pool, whose net receipts are divided between research and sports. In 1987–97, 1,842 technicians and 3,664 scientists and engineers were engaged in research and development.

The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, founded in 1760, has a Natural Sciences section. The country has 12 other scientific and technical learned societies and 24 scientific and technical research institutes. Located in Oslo are the Botanical Garden and Museum (founded in 1814), the Norwegian Museum of Science and Industry (founded in 1914), and other museums devoted to mineralogy-geology, paleontology, and zoology. The country has six universities and colleges offering courses in basic and applied sciences. In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 26% of university enrollment.

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